What is Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

Doctors do not know what causes Alzheimer disease. They think it might be caused by one or more of these:

• Age and family history
• Certain genes
• Abnormal protein deposits in the brain
• Environmental factors
• Immune system problems

The following are the most common symptoms of Alzheimer disease. But not everyone has all of these symptoms. Symptoms may include:

• Memory loss that affects job skills, especially short-term memory loss
• Difficulty doing familiar tasks
• Problems with language
• Confusion about time and place
• Poor judgment
• Problems with abstract thinking
• Misplacing things
• Changes in mood or behavior
• Changes in personality
• Loss of desire to do things
• Loss of the ability to know who people are. This even includes people whom the person knows well such as a child or spouse.

The symptoms of Alzheimer disease may look like other health conditions or problems. Always see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

No single test can diagnose Alzheimer disease. A healthcare provider will first rule out other conditions. But the only way to confirm a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease is to examine the brain after death. An autopsy can show changes in the brain that mark the disease.

It’s important to find out if the dementia is caused by an illness that can be treated. A healthcare provider will do thorough exams of the person’s nervous system. The provider may also do:

• Complete health history. This may include questions about overall health and past health problems. The provider will see how well the person can do daily tasks. The provider may ask family members about any changes in behavior or personality.
• Mental status test. This may include tests of memory, problem solving, attention, counting, and language. Neuropsychological testing may also be done. This will likely be a series of tests that assess your brain function. It usually involves answering questions and doing certain tasks.
• Standard medical tests. These may include blood and urine tests to find possible causes of the problem.
• Brain imaging tests. CT, MRI, or position emission tomography (PET) may be used to rule out other causes of the problem.

Your healthcare provider will figure out the best treatment for you based on:

• How old you are
• Your overall health and past health
• How sick you are
• How well you can handle specific medicines, procedures, or therapies
• How long the condition is expected to last
• Your opinion or preference

• Donepezil
• Rivastigmine
• Galantamine
• Memantine

At this time, Alzheimer disease has no cure. There is no way of slowing down the progression of this disease, and no treatment is available to reverse the changes that the disease brings on. But new research findings give reason for hope. Several medicines are being studied in clinical trials to see if they can slow the progress of the disease or improve memory for a period of time.

Some medicines are available to help manage some of the most troubling symptoms of Alzheimer disease. These symptoms include:

• Depression
• Behavior problems
• Sleep problems

Exercise and social activities are important to help manage the disease. So are good nutrition, a healthy lifestyle, and a calm and well-structured environment.

Because doctors don’t know what causes the disease, they can’t recommend any steps to prevent it.

Alzheimer disease is a progressive disease. This means that memory problems and problems with doing daily tasks gradually get worse. Each person is affected differently, but people with Alzheimer disease have mood and behavior problems that make it difficult for family members to care for them. As a person is less able to care for himself or herself, families or others must help with personal care, meals, and daily activities. People with advanced Alzheimer disease will most likely need to stay in a place that specializes in care of people with memory disorders.

Care programs for people with Alzheimer disease differ depending on the symptoms a person has and how far along the disease is. These programs can help a person and his or her family manage the disease.

Any skills lost will not be regained, but the following tips can help people and families living with Alzheimer disease:

• Plan a balanced program of exercise, social activity, good nutrition, and other health lifestyle activities.
• Plan daily activities that help to give structure, meaning, and goals for the person.
• As the person is less able to function, change activities and routines to let the person take part as much as possible.
• Keep activities familiar and satisfying.
• Allow the person to do as many things by him or herself as possible. The caregiver may need to start an activity, but allow the person to complete it as much as he or she can.
• Give "cues" to help the person. For example, label drawers, cabinets, and closets to let the person know what is in them.
• Keep the person out of harm's way by removing all safety risks. These might include car keys and matches.
• As a caregiver, understand your own physical and emotional limits. Take care of yourself and ask for help if you need it.

• Alzheimer disease is a disease that affects the brain and nervous system. It gets worse over time.
• Alzheimer disease affects a person’s memory, thinking, personality, emotions, and ability to care for himself or herself.
• Alzheimer disease has no cure.
• Medicines may help with some of the symptoms.
• Caregivers need to be aware of their own needs and ask for help as needed.
• Over time a person with Alzheimer disease will most likely need to stay in a place that specializes in care for people with this disease.

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:

• Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.
• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
• Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you.
• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you.
• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.
• Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.
• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
• Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
• If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
• Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions.