Research Opportunities and Career Development

Overview

The pathology department at the Brigham and Women's Hospital prides itself as one the premiere academic pathology departments in the world.  Integration of clinical services with laboratory investigation is a long tradition of its faculty and trainees.  High percentage of the residents hold M.D. and Ph.D. and do laboratory research during their training, both in the department and in laboratories around the Longwood medical area.  Many residents choose career position allowing them to continue research in addition to clinical work.   

For trainees interested in basic laboratory research, and in developing a career as an independent physician-scientist, the Department encourages research efforts through our Basic Research Program, which involves the mentored pursuit of independent research projects, supported within the auspices of elective time within the Residency and Fellowship programs.

Although not all trainees will choose this basic research option, a large proportion of our trainees will develop longitudinal investigational interests relating to the practice of pathology, and will pursue clinical and/or translational research projects during their residency training.  Residents in this Clinical Research Program present abstracts at national and international meetings (including the USCAP and IAP annual meetings) and continue to produce numerous academic publications.

Residents choosing to enrich their experience with Basic or Clinical Research, receive mentorship and funding opportunities from the Department through its Research Career Development program.   The department has a NIH postdoctoral training grant with 12 positions to support research during the residency.  Many residents are successful in competing for prestigious fellowships including Howard Hughes fellowship and NIH K Awards.  Department holds annual research celebration with poster sessions.  Center for molecular oncologic pathology (CMOP) and various research cores also provide opportunity for tissue-based translational research.

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Basic Research Program

Our basic (laboratory investigator) research program strongly encourages and emphasizes the following three features:

1) Trainees can choose from a wide variety of potential research opportunities in laboratories within the department, as well as others within the Harvard Medical area, other Harvard-affiliated hospitals, and other institutions including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

2) Trainees are encouraged to pursue their own research interests, including but not limited to those relevant to pathophysiologic mechanisms and human diseases.  There is a focus on mechanisms of diseases among the major research groups within the Departments, however, expertises in all areas of basic sciences are abound in the Harvard Medical School area.   

3) The program makes a conscious effort to help trainees become independent investigators, by encouraging them to develop their own projects and to apply for independent career development and other research support. Residents and Fellows publish in the scientific literature and attend and present their work at scientific meetings.

Several large Research Programs represent the coalescence of individual research labs organized along principles of shared interests, focus, equipment, and geography. In many cases, these constitute actual Departmental Divisions. The Faculty and Trainees of these Programs not only write combined grant proposals and share core resources, but also participate in joint laboratory meetings and seminars, and enjoy mutual social events. They include:

• Vascular Biology
• Immunology
• Translational Cancer Pathology
• Neuropathology
• Women’s and Perinatal Pathology
• Molecular Genetics
• Structural Molecular Pathology
• Dermatopathology

Translational research emphases include the application of cutting edge analytical, genomic, proteomic and imaging technologies to identify and exploit biomarkers and other molecular targets for the diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of major human cancers and cardiovascular and other diseases. Examples of current activities in the areas of emphasis in the basic research groups of the Department of Pathology at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital are available here

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Clinical and Translational Research Program

Clinically-oriented pathology research projects (including clinicopathologic correlations and translational research) in which residents can participate are actively encouraged and widely conducted in our Department. These studies typically utilize case material and involve more sophisticated technologies, such as immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, molecular cytogenetics, transcriptional profiling, and other molecular biological approaches. The following list provides representative examples of recent and ongoing studies; the resident is listed, followed by the faculty mentor in parentheses:

Microsatellite instability status in giant cell lung carcinoma. Dr. Paula Abreu-e-Lima, resident (Dr. Lucian Chirieac)

Renal cell carcinoma and VHL gene. Dr. Paula Abreu-e-Lima, resident (Dr. Vânia Nosé)

Characterizing the cancer genome in lung adenocarcinoma. Dr. Justine Barletta, resident (Dr. Lucian Chirieac)

Histopathologic characteristics of lung adenocarcinomas with loss of MGMT expression. Dr. Justine Barletta, resident (Dr. Lucian Chirieac)

IKKe expression in lung adenocarcinoma. Dr. Justine Barletta, resident (Dr. Lucian Chirieac)

Investigation of collagen XXIII expression in lung cancer tissue and retrospective analysis of association with clinical characteristics of patients with NSCLC. Dr. Justine Barletta, resident (Dr. Lucian Chirieac)

Prognostic significance of the extent of invasion and multicentricity in mixed lung adenocarcinoma with a bronchioloalveolar component. Dr. Justine Barletta, resident (Dr. Lucian Chirieac)

Prognostic significance of stromal invasion in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Dr. Justine Barletta, resident (Dr. Lucian Chirieac)

Correlation of papillary and bronchioloalveolar patterns in lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutation and/or response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Dr. Javad Beheshti, resident (Dr. Neal Lindeman)

Expression of CK-20 is associated with EGFR mutation and response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Dr. Javad Beheshti, resident (Dr. Neal Lindeman)

Quantitative expression of TTF-1 by image analysis can predict EGFR mutation and response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Dr. Javad Beheshti, resident (Dr. Neal Lindeman)

Immunohistochemical assessment of the role of WT1 protein in distinguishing pleural mesothelioma from breast adenocarcinoma. Dr. Michael Bennett, fellow (Dr. Joseph Corson)

Myxoid schwannomas of the GI tract: Characterization of a distinct subset. Dr. Michael Bennett, fellow (Dr. Christopher Fletcher)

Search for an erythrocyte age-adjusted assay for hemoglobin A1c. Dr. Anders Berg, resident (Dr. David Sacks)

The value of cytogenetics as an adjunct to diagnostic fine-needle aspiration cytology of non-hematopoietic neoplasms. Dr. Veerle Bossuyt, fellow (Dr. Edmund Cicas)

Comparison of antibodies SP1 and ID5 for the evaluation of estrogen receptor expression in breast carcinomas. Dr. Jane Brock, fellow (Drs. Susan Lester, Jason Hornick, Andrea Richardson and Deborah Dillon)Cytogenetic aberrations in perineurioma. Dr. Jane Brock, resident (Dr. Sara Vargas)

Beta-catenin expression in spindle cell neoplasms: Is it specific for desmoid fibromatoses? Dr. Joseph Carlson, resident (Dr. Christopher Fletcher)

Clinical experience and pathologic context of EIN diagnosis. Dr. Joseph Carlson, fellow (Dr. George Mutter)

Immunohistochemistry for beta catenin in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell lesions. Dr. Joseph Carlson, fellow (Dr. Christopher Fletcher)

Clinicopathologic and anti-utrophin immunohistochemical correlation in sporadic pancreatic endocrine tumors. Dr. Martin Chang, resident (Dr. Vânia Nosé)

The diagnostic utility of the expression of NANOG in ovarian germ cell tumors. Dr. Martin Chang, fellow (Dr. Marisa Nucci)

Prospective sample collection by integrating pathology systems with an institutional Clinical Data Warehouse. Dr. Martin Chang, fellow (Dr. Lynn Bry)

Parathyroid carcinoma and molecular markers. Dr. Priscilla Chang, resident (Dr. Vânia Nosé)

Dominant nodule in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and molecular markers. Dr. Priscilla Chang, resident (Drs. Jonathan Fletcher and Vânia Nosé)

Columnar cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Dr. Jey-Hsin Chen, fellow (Dr. Vânia Nosé)

Gastrointestinal manifestations of fatal pediatric cerebral malaria. Dr. Rachel Factor, fellow (Dr. Dan Milner)

Quantification of parasites in the brain in fatal pediatric cerebral malaria. Dr. Rachel Factor, fellow (Dr. Dan Milner)

The lungs in fatal pediatric cerebral malaria. Dr. Rachel Factor, fellow (Dr. Dan Milner)

New biomarkers for uterine smooth muscle tumors. Dr. Rachel Factor, resident (Dr. Bradley Quade)

Deep “benign” fibrous histiocytoma – clinicopathologic analysis of 69 cases of a rare tumor with occastional metastatic potential. Dr. Briana Gleason, resident (Dr. Christopher Fletcher)

Identificatin of melanocyte stem cells in human embryonic and adult dermis. Dr. Briana Gleason, resident (Dr. George Murphy)

Immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of granular cell tumor and melanoma. Dr. Briana Gleason, resident (Dr. Christopher Fletcher)

Immunosuppression-related fibroproliferative polyps: A substantial subset of acquired pediatric mucocutanious polyps. Dr. Briana Gleason, resident (Dr. Sara Vargas)

Myoepithelial carcinoma of soft tissue in children – an aggressive neoplasm in a series of 29 cases. Dr. Briana Gleason, resident (Dr. Christopher Fletcher)

Non-bullous neutrophilic tissue reactions in patients with lupus erythematosus. Dr. Briana Gleason, resident (Dr. Scott Granter)

Primary mediastinal liposarcoma – clinicopathologic analysis of 24 cases. Dr. Hejin Hahn, fellow (Dr. Christopher Fletcher)

Effect of splenectomy on Hemoglobin A1c. Dr. John Higgins, resident (Dr. David Sacks)

Identification of drugs that interfere with the BRD4-NUT oncogenic pathway. Dr. Matthias Hofer, resident (Dr. Christopher French)

Assessment of phosphor-specific epitopes by fine needle aspiration in mesenchymal tumors. Dr. Elke Jarboe, fellow (Dr. Edmund Cibas)

Implementation of a highly sensitive troponin assay in a large tertiary care hospital: Results and implications for clinicians and patients. Dr. Nima Mosammaparast, resident (Drs. Stacy Melanson and Peter Jarolim)

Multimodality CD34 testing for blast determination. Dr. Kirstine Oh, fellow (Dr. Jeffery Kutok)

Role of CD9in lymphoma progression. Dr. Kirstine Oh, fellow (Dr. Jeffery Kutok)

Validation of putative melanoma stem cell markers identified by microarray analyses. Dr. Tanya Rege, resident (Dr. Mei-Yu Hsu)

HPV in head and neck adenosquamous carcinoma. Dr. Julie Reimann, resident (Drs. Christopher Crum and Jeffrey Krane)

Melanoma stem cells as identified by expression of multidrug resistance transporter proteins. Dr. Julie Reimann, resident (Dr. George Murphy)

Myxoid dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans – a rare variant analyzed in a series of 23 cases. Dr. Julie Reimann, resident (Dr. Christopher Fletcher)

p63 expression in carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation of the thyroid (CASTLE): Evidence of thymic differentiation and solid cell nest origin. Dr. Julie Reimann, resident (Drs. David Dorfman and Vânia Nosé)

p63 expression in diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas: A comparative study. Dr. Julie Reimann, resident (Dr. Vânia Nosé)

Capillary hemangioma of the spine: Loss of glut-1 and proliferative activity in adult versus pediatric cases. Dr. Ali Saad, fellow (Dr. Rebecca Folkerth)

Meningioangiomatosis associated with meningioma: Cytologic findings. Dr. Ali Saad, fellow (Dr. Ali Saad)

Molecular predictors of brain metastases in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Dr. Ali Saad, fellow (Dr. Lucian Chirieac)

Phosphorylated neurofilament colocalizes with phospho-S6 in abnormal neurons in cortical dysplasia. Dr. Ali Saad, fellow (Dr. Rebecca Folkerth)

The MIB-1/Caspase labeling index as a predictor of metastasis to the brain in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma. Dr. Ali Saad, fellow (Dr. Lucian Chirieac)

SDHB and SDHA immunophenotype of pheochromocytomas. Dr. Peter Sadow, resident (Dr. Vânia Nosé)

Characterization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene copy number by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Dr. Sandro Santagata, fellow (Dr. Lucian Chirieac)

Familial paragangliomas. Dr. Sandro Santagata, fellow (Dr. Vânia Nosé)

BRAF, RAS and RET mutations in malignant struma ovarii: A comparative study with benign struma ovarii. Dr. Jason Schmidt, resident (Drs. Christopher Crum, Jonathan Fletcher and Vânia Nosé)

Focal myositis. Dr. Jason Schmidt, resident (Dr. Rebecca Folkerth)

HBME1, Galectine 3 and CITED1: Markers of malignancy in struma ovarii. Drs. Jason Schmidt and Rachel Rucker-Schmidt, residents (Drs. William Welch, Kenneth Lee, Chrsitopher Crum and Vânia Nosé)

The immunohistochemical expression pattern of SMAD4, p53, and CDX2 is helpful in diagnosing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirations. Dr. Jian Shen, fellow (Dr. Edmund Cibas)

Adipose metaplasia in thyroid lesions. Dr. Lynette Sholl, resident (Dr. Vânia Nosé)

Comparison of EGFR copy number by chromogenic in-situ hybridization with EGFR mutation analysis by sequencing in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Dr. Lynette Sholl, resident (Dr. Neal Lindeman)

Evaluation of molecular abnormalities in non-small cell lung carcinoma specimens form East Asian non-smoking women treated by surgery alone. Dr. Lynette Sholl, resident (Dr. Lucian Chirieac)

Examination of genotype-phenotype correlation of clinical and pathological features, including histopathologic findings, in non-small cell lung carcinoma of patients with EGFR gene amplifications and EGFR gene deletions in their tumor. Dr. Lynette Sholl, resident (Dr. Lucian Chirieac)

Validation of chromogenic in situ hybridization for detection of EGFR copy number amplificatons in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Dr. Lynette Sholl, resident (Dr. Lucian Chirieac)

Comparative analysis of the detection of plasma cell dyscrasias using flow cytometric versus morphologic/immunohistochemical techniques. Dr. Jason Smouse, resident (Dr. Jo-Anne Vergilio)

Cytologic specimens compare favorably with surgical pathology specimens for EGFR mutation detection in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Dr. Jason Smouse, fellow (Dr. Edmund Cibas)

Biologic relevance of C-JUN amplification in liposarcoma. Dr. Eric Snyder, resident (Dr. Christopher Fletcher)

Does the activation of the transcription factor c-jun correlate with the dedifferentiation of liposarcoma. Dr. Eric Snyder, resident (Dr. Jon Aster)

Identification and characterization of putative breast cancer stem cells in situ using quantum dot-conjugated antibodies. Dr. Eric Snyder, resident (Dr. Massimo Loda)

The value of serum free light chain measurements in monitoring response to therapy for patients with intact immunoglobulin multiple myeloma. Dr. Sacha Uljon, resident (Drs. Petr Jarolim, Milenko Tanasijevic, and Neal Lindeman)

The kidney in fatal pediatric cerebral malaria. Dr. Vijay Vanguri, fellow (Dr. Dan Milner)

Comparison of a commercial PCR assay and home brew Southern Blot for analysis of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangement analysis. Dr. Bernadette Wildemore, fellow (Drs. Janina Longtine and Neal Lindeman)

Anti-tumor immune response after donor lymphocyte infusion. Dr. Jacqueline William, resident (Dr. Jeffery Kutok)

Angiogenin loss-of-function mutations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dr. David Wu, fellow (Dr. Rebecca Folkerth)

Correlation of complement C4d staining with allograft heart ischemia, acute cellular rejection, and acute humoral rejection, as well as, with long-term graft coronary disease. Dr. David Wu, fellow (Drs. Gayle Winters, Robert Padera, Joel Henderson and Richard Mitchell)

Follicular thyroid adenoma and carcinoma. Drs. David Wu, fellow and Peter Sadow, resident (Dr. Vânia Nosé)

JAK2 mutational status in primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma. Dr. David Wu, fellow (Dr. Jeffery Kutok)

Myosin light chain (MYL2) transcripts can be detected by RT-PCR in the plasma of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Dr. David Wu, fellow (Drs. Petr Jarolim, Milenko Tanasijevic and Neal Lindeman)

Pheochromocytoma markers. Drs. David Wu, fellow and Peter Sadow, resident (Dr. Vânia Nosé)

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Research Career Development

Introduction

In addition to the clinical and educational elements of the BWH Department of Pathology, research training and career development is an integral component of our Residency and Fellowship program. Beyond M.D. and M.D.-Ph.D. Residents and Fellows, the Department is also home to the research training and mentoring of M.D., M.D.-Ph.D., and Ph.D. Post-doctoral Fellows who are not engaged in any clinical training during their BWH tenure. The overarching goal is to provide broad opportunities to explore options across the research spectrum from purely clinical through translational and basic science. Moreover, beyond the individual trainee-PI relationship, the Department seeks to provide a mindset and supportive framework of time, information, and direction that allows our trainees to flourish and succeed in a competitive research environment. Mentorship and role models are central component in this process.

The Training Program encompasses both a formal entity with T32 support (Director: Dr. Michael Gimbrone and Co-Director: Dr. Richard Mitchell), as well as a network of Pathology Department laboratories with a shared training mission and individual funding support. It is intended to accommodate M.D. and M.D.-Ph.D. Pathology Residents and Clinical Fellows who anticipate careers primarily focused in basic science, as well as those who wish to develop careers at the interface of clinical-translational research or industry. Training and mentoring process is designed to promote the development of Ph.D. Post-doctoral Fellows in careers that more broadly engage clinical and translational problems related to human disease pathophysiology and pathogenesis.

Organization

Involvement with the Training Program begins with the initial recruitment process. Thus, clinical Trainees typically initiate the interactions with potential research supervisors to discuss research opportunities based on specific interests. For such Residents and Fellows transitioning to post-doctoral research, a Departmental database of laboratory opportunities facilitates match-making with labs and Principal Investigators. The Director or co-Director of the Training Program also insure that laboratory or departmental funding is available to support research positions, and meet regularly with Residents and Post-doctoral Research Fellows to assess progress and help direct next steps in career development. In comparison, the non-clinical research Post-doctoral Fellows are invited by individual Principal Investigators and participate in an interview process designed to connect them with a variety of potential mentors within the BWH Pathology Department, as well as the broader BWH and Harvard Medical School biomedical scientific community. The actual selection process takes into account a number of factors related to applicants’ academic credentials, potential interests, and “fit” with the Training Program goals, as well as a deliberate emphasis on fostering Program diversity and excellence.

Throughout clinical training (for Residents and Fellows) or post-doctoral training (for Ph.D. Fellows), regular opportunities to meet with other post-docs, junior and senior pathology faculty, clinical-translational faculty, and even industrial contacts take the form of clinical conferences, research seminars, journal clubs, and informal get-togethers. Residents in Pathology are encouraged to use their annual allocation of independent study time to explore research-related opportunities with either translational or basic science research faculty. Conversely, basic research Fellows also participate in regular Departmental conferences, and where appropriate, mentored clinical experiences. Through these interactions trainees identify role models who practically illustrate how research and clinical practice can be successfully combined.

Trainees are also apprised of the broader research and educational opportunities proximate to BWH, including Harvard Medical School, MIT, the combined Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, the Leder Harvard Biology and Translational Medicine (HBTM) program, the Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology (CIMIT), and the Brigham Research Institute (BRI). The ability to capitalize on the wealth of interdisciplinary conferences and research seminars within and without the BWH Pathology Department is limited only by Trainee time constraints and interests. Less formal, but equally important are direct interactions between Post-doctoral Fellows and Resident Trainees. Post-doctoral Fellows are important parts of the mentoring community for Residents at earlier stages of training; conversely, Residents provide an early, peer-level connection for Post-doctoral Ph.D.’s to clinically-relevant training experiences. Consequently, regular cross-fertilization in conferences, journal clubs, and informal get-togethers are important elements of the training program.

As research trainees prepare to transition to independent support, they are apprised of the mechanisms of the various funding opportunities (e.g., K versus R versus other forms of outside support), as well as the diversity of opportunities: clinical-translational, industry, basic research, or some combination of clinical service activities and research. Fellows and Junior Faculty who have previously successfully negotiated a particular path are also connected to the transitioning Trainees to provide insight and practical logistical information. The Director or Co-Director of the Training Program, along with the various research faculty are key resources for reading and critiquing grant proposals, as well as navigating the administrative details of the grant submission process. At the same time, the Director and Co-Director are also proactive in promoting the awareness of individual trainees for specific funding opportunities and awards, and are resources for coordinating letters of recommendation and support.

Departmental Research Mentoring Although a trainee’s research preceptor has a major responsibility for mentoring in proper experimental design, data analysis, and issues of scientific conduct and integrity, the BWH Pathology Department believes that the career development of trainees benefits from additional Program-wide mentoring experiences. While the Program Training Faculty are the primary, active mentors of trainees, mentoring also frequently occurs on an informal basis.

The BWH Pathology Department has a strong culture and long history of mentorship flowing from a committed Directorship and extending from Senior Faculty through to Fellows, Residents, and Students. There is a very low turn-over within the BWH Pathology Faculty, and because the Senior and Junior ranks are well-populated with individuals who “grew up” in the culture of the Department, there is an impressive commitment to sharing the ethic and paying forward the benefits of what has been shared and conveyed at each level of training. This is represented not only in the general ethos of the Department, but also in concrete ways. For example, Residents and other Trainees are systematically guided in developing research projects and coached in their intra- and extra-departmental presentations; this, in turn, is reflected in the BWH Pathology Department consistently ranking in the top three programs in the world in representation by junior level members on platform sessions at the annual meeting of United States and Canadian Association of Pathology (USCAP), the largest such pathology society in the world. Moreover, the strength of this intradepartmental mentorship allows Trainees the latitude and confidence to potentially select smaller labs of more junior Faculty in which to work, comfortable in the knowledge that there is a broader and hierarchical support structure that will assure them access to the same level of training and guidance as with a more-established investigator. Besides ad hoc mentorship of Junior Faculty within the T32 Training Program regular, systematic training of Junior Faculty—and their ability to mentor Trainees—is also provided by ongoing access to the numerous Departmental-, and Harvard Medical School-wide structured resources, in addition to BWH-sponsored programs.

Trainees at all levels within the Department also have access to a diverse menu of support and educational opportunities within the Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and across the greater Boston biomedical research community including a comprehensive BWH-sponsored Research Career Development seminar and workshop series, including topics on publications, grantsmanship, lab management skills, and balancing career and family. These offerings feature speakers drawn from a wide range of senior HMS scientists and those who are highly successful at securing sponsored funding.

One of the additional strengths of the BWH Program is that Trainees are part of the greater HMS academic community. They are encouraged to attend specific courses that interest them, and/or are relevant to their research area at Harvard Medical School and the Harvard School of Public Health. Trainees in the program are also actively encouraged—as appropriate—to avail themselves of the deep and diverse resources of these various institutions, which provide an impressive and extensive assortment of elective seminars, training workshops, and conferences.

NIH Training Grant

The BWH Department of Pathology has received continuous NIH support from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute for postdoctoral-level research training for over 50 years. The programmatic emphasis is on understanding the basic pathogenic mechanisms underlying major disease processes that affect the cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematopoietic, and immune systems, through the application of multidisciplinary research tools and strategies of modern cellular and molecular biology, immunology, genetics and genomics, integrative physiology, and bioinformatics. The NIH Institutional Training Grant (T32 HL007627) entitled “Vascular Pulmonary and Renal Injury” currently under the directorship of Dr. Michael Gimbrone, supports twelve slots including M.D., M.D.-Ph.D., and Ph.D. trainees, and has been the launching pad for a number of illustrious careers in academic pathology. The program counts 6 Pew Scholars, 7 awardees of Warner Lambert-Parke Davis Awards from the ASIP, a Lucille P. Markey Scholar, and several inductees to the National Academy of Science, the Institute of Medicine, the American Society for Clinical Investigation, the American Association of Physicians, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science among its graduates. Although the Core Faculty is comprised primarily of clinician-scientists and basic biomedical researchers in the BWH Department of Pathology, trainees are also encouraged to explore a wide spectrum of opportunities afforded by research mentors and laboratories across the entire family of Harvard-affiliated medical, academic, and research institutions.

A key set of opportunities for and an important metric of success of research career trainees is embodied in the highly competitive individual NIH Career Development Awards. The following lists summarizes residents in AP, CP or AP-CP who have obtained these mentored research grants over the last 6 years (12 active in the Department) and other recent mentored research fellowships.

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