Your physician may prescribe one or more variations of echocardiogram, depending on the clinical question and scenario, including:
Full transthoracic echocardiograms
This standard echocardiogram is performed for general cardiac diagnosis. Measurements, moving images, and the flow of blood through each valve of the heart are systematically examined.
A limited transthoracic echocardiogram, however, is used to diagnose a specific cardiac condition. It might be performed to evaluate heart size and function, valve function, response to medications, or infections and blood clots.
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
This exam uses a miniaturized ultrasound probe, inserted into the esophagus via the mouth, to obtain high-definition images of the heart from a posterior view. This technique helps to visualize specific cardiac structures and valves at higher resolution than transthoracic images. A registered nurse and/or anesthesiologist will ensure that you are comfortable by using topical anesthesia to numb the throat and possibly add mild sedation with intravenous medication.
TEEs also are used to detect clots in the atria of the heart and to evaluate and/or guide percutaneous (minimally invasive) heart procedures.
Stress echocardiography
An echocardiogram may be performed simultaneously with treadmill or stationary bike stress testing, or with a medication (dobutamine) that simulates exercise for the heart.
Other echocardiography techniques
As appropriate, additional techniques may be used during an echocardiogram, including:
- Saline contrast study (or "bubble study") - This tests for the diversion of blood within the heart or lungs.
- Echo contrast study – This provides a better view of the endocardium (inner lining) of the heart.
- Tissue Doppler techniques to examine the pattern of heart muscle contraction and relaxation.
- Assessment to optimize settings on pacemakers and defibrillators (AICDs) to increase cardiac output and reduce valvular regurgitation.
- Assessment to evaluate and optimize settings on ventricular assist devices (VADs) and defibrillators (AICDs).
